NoTe HisTo

Respiratory system

– lungs
- tubes link

respiratory system

1) conducting

a) conducting only

b) protection ( rigid type of CT)

–cartilages and bones

- elastic &collagen fiber for flexible & stretchable

2) Respiratory – air must be

a)cleansed

b)warmed

c)moistened

-respiratory mocusa

-pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

-rich w blood vessels

2 nasal cavities

bony nasal septum –separates 2 nasal cavities

(bone & cartilage)

ant-nostril

post-nasopharynx

1)Vestibule

- anterior part –cartilagenous

-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-thick hairs (vibrassae)

-non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium near the respiratory area

2)nasal fossae

-2 cavernous chambers

-3 bony conchae

i) superior – olfactory epithelium (neuroepithelium) for smelling

(or turbinates)

ii) middle - middle n inferior covered by respiratory epithelium

iii) inferior

importance

- widening the surface area exposed to the air
- narrowing the passage cause the air turbulence

-in common cold, the veous plexus(lamina propia) become congested with the blood and they obstruct the passage of the air from one or both openings

CT corium (lamina propia- contain all type of epithelium ) :

-contains mucous,serous and mucoserous glands,macrophage,vessels etc

-collagenous & elastic fibers –extensibility &elasticity

Respiratory epithelium

-mucous -rich in dissaccaride

-important in moistening the air

1)Ciliated columnar cells

-most abundant type (300cilia/cell)

2)Goblet cell –next most abundant type - moistening the air

- cleansed the air

3)Brush cell- (apical microvilli-sensory receptor)

4)Basal (short cell) –generative cells-mitosis (stem cells)

5)neuroendocrine cells-small basal granule cells

-release hormone

i) calcitonin

ii) somatostatin

iii) serotonin

-arise from neuroectoderm

Paranasal air sinuses

Importance

- cavities contain air to give clear voice resonance

-space in the bones of the skull eg; frontal,ethmoid,maxillary&sphenoid

-lined with respiratory epith .

but

–thinner

- fewer goblet cells

-thin CT –fewer, small mucous gland

-humidification of air and production of clear voice beside make skull bone lighter

clinical-sinusitis = inflammatory disease of the sinuses that may persists for long time because of obstruction of drainage orifices.

Adenoids -because of virus

-enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils

-obstruction of the nasopharynx

-mouth breathing eg in baby

importance- larynx

i)vocal cord-vocalization

ii)epiglottis –avoid the food from entering the respiratory system

-respiratory mucousa

- the true vocal cord - for both- no pseudostratified columnar ciliated

- ant surface of epiglottis - lined by non keratinized squamous epith

-vocal ligament (condensation of elastic fibers)

-vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle)

TRACHEA

-prevent over distention of esophagus

-trachealis muscle

-incomplete ring- C shape (posteriorly) for extension of esophagus

-contaraction-constricted

- increase force of air in trachea

4 layers in trachea-from lumen

1) mucosa (elastic membrane,loose CT)

2) submucosa (serous &mucous gland, vessels)

3) fibro-cartilagenous coat(perichondrium &matrix)

4) adventitia –loose CT –connect the trachea to the

surrounding

Bronchi

1) 1ry –extra pulmonary

2) 2ry- intra pulmonary

3) 3ry- intra pulmonary

bronchioles

-1 mm or less

-simple columnar epithelium

-no goblet cells

-cilia decrease in no

-smooth & elastic increase in no

	Extrapulmonary bronchus	Intrapulmonary bronchus
Lumen	wide	narrow
mucosa	Less folded	More folded
cartilage	C shaped	plates
Smooth muscle	At end of C	Spirally arranged
elastic	membrane	In adventitia (distributed)
Mucoserous gland	In submucosa	In adventitia
Submucosa	clear	Not present

	Bronchioles	Bronchus
epithelium	Simple columnar ciliated	Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells
mucosa	Higly folded	folded
muscolosa	Circularly arranged	spirally
Goblet cells	Not present	present
adventitia	Lymph follicles Cartilage plate glands	Not present

Clara cells

-in bronchial tree

-dome-shaped,cilia free cells

-cytoplasm contain glycogen granule, basal r-ER dan apical s-ER

-function ;

-secrete surfactant like substance

-protect against emphysema

-protect against harmful substances (during inhale)

-act as stem cells

terminal bronchioles

-simple cuboidal ciliated with Clara cells

p/s untuk dikongsi dengan sahabat sekalian.. inilah yang terdaya aku buat.