Monday, September 24, 2007

NoTe HisTo


Respiratory system

– lungs
- tubes link

respiratory system

1) conducting

a) conducting only

b) protection ( rigid type of CT)

–cartilages and bones

- elastic &collagen fiber for flexible & stretchable


2) Respiratory – air must be

a)cleansed

b)warmed

c)moistened


-respiratory mocusa

-pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

-rich w blood vessels


2 nasal cavities

bony nasal septum –separates 2 nasal cavities

(bone & cartilage)

ant-nostril

post-nasopharynx


1)Vestibule

- anterior part –cartilagenous

-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-thick hairs (vibrassae)

-non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium near the respiratory area


2)nasal fossae

-2 cavernous chambers

-3 bony conchae

i) superior – olfactory epithelium (neuroepithelium) for smelling

(or turbinates)

ii) middle - middle n inferior covered by respiratory epithelium

iii) inferior


importance

- widening the surface area exposed to the air
- narrowing the passage cause the air turbulence


-in common cold, the veous plexus(lamina propia) become congested with the blood and they obstruct the passage of the air from one or both openings


CT corium (lamina propia- contain all type of epithelium ) :

-contains mucous,serous and mucoserous glands,macrophage,vessels etc

-collagenous & elastic fibers –extensibility &elasticity


Respiratory epithelium

-mucous -rich in dissaccaride

-important in moistening the air


1)Ciliated columnar cells

-most abundant type (300cilia/cell)


2)Goblet cell –next most abundant type - moistening the air

- cleansed the air


3)Brush cell- (apical microvilli-sensory receptor)


4)Basal (short cell) –generative cells-mitosis (stem cells)


5)neuroendocrine cells-small basal granule cells

-release hormone

i) calcitonin

ii) somatostatin

iii) serotonin

-arise from neuroectoderm


Paranasal air sinuses

Importance

- cavities contain air to give clear voice resonance

-space in the bones of the skull eg; frontal,ethmoid,maxillary&sphenoid

-lined with respiratory epith .

but

–thinner

- fewer goblet cells

-thin CT –fewer, small mucous gland

-humidification of air and production of clear voice beside make skull bone lighter



clinical-sinusitis = inflammatory disease of the sinuses that may persists for long time because of obstruction of drainage orifices.


Adenoids -because of virus

-enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils

-obstruction of the nasopharynx

-mouth breathing eg in baby


importance- larynx

i)vocal cord-vocalization

ii)epiglottis –avoid the food from entering the respiratory system


-respiratory mucousa

- the true vocal cord - for both- no pseudostratified columnar ciliated

- ant surface of epiglottis - lined by non keratinized squamous epith

-vocal ligament (condensation of elastic fibers)

-vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle)

TRACHEA

-prevent over distention of esophagus

-trachealis muscle

-incomplete ring- C shape (posteriorly) for extension of esophagus

-contaraction-constricted

- increase force of air in trachea

4 layers in trachea-from lumen

1) mucosa (elastic membrane,loose CT)

2) submucosa (serous &mucous gland, vessels)

3) fibro-cartilagenous coat(perichondrium &matrix)

4) adventitia –loose CT –connect the trachea to the

surrounding


Bronchi

1) 1ry –extra pulmonary

2) 2ry- intra pulmonary

3) 3ry- intra pulmonary




bronchioles

-1 mm or less

-simple columnar epithelium

-no goblet cells

-cilia decrease in no

-smooth & elastic increase in no



Extrapulmonary bronchus

Intrapulmonary bronchus

Lumen

wide

narrow

mucosa

Less folded

More folded

cartilage

C shaped

plates

Smooth muscle

At end of C

Spirally arranged

elastic

membrane

In adventitia (distributed)

Mucoserous gland

In submucosa

In adventitia

Submucosa

clear

Not present




Bronchioles

Bronchus

epithelium

Simple columnar ciliated

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

mucosa

Higly folded

folded

muscolosa

Circularly arranged

spirally

Goblet cells

Not present

present

adventitia

Lymph follicles

Cartilage plate

glands

Not present


Clara cells

-in bronchial tree

-dome-shaped,cilia free cells

-cytoplasm contain glycogen granule, basal r-ER dan apical s-ER

-function ;

-secrete surfactant like substance

-protect against emphysema

-protect against harmful substances (during inhale)

-act as stem cells


terminal bronchioles

-simple cuboidal ciliated with Clara cells






p/s untuk dikongsi dengan sahabat sekalian.. inilah yang terdaya aku buat.

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